According to Vietnam’s Strategy for Developing Building Materials (2021–2030, with a vision to 2050), the cement industry must reduce emissions to below 650 kg CO2 per ton of cement by 2030. To achieve this, all cement production lines with a capacity of 2,500 tons of clinker per day or more must install and operate waste heat recovery power systems by 2025. Additionally, at least 20% of thermal power fly ash or industrial waste must be used as alternative materials in clinker production by 2025, increasing to 30% by 2030. Alternative fuels are also expected to account for 15% of total fuel used in clinker production.
Major Sources of Emissions
Dr. Luong Duc Long, Vice President and General Secretary of the Vietnam Cement Association, highlights three main sources of emissions in the cement industry:
- Raw materials for clinker and cement production.
- Fuels used in clinker kilns.
- Electricity consumption during production.
Portland cement, which accounts for 99% of global cement production, poses a significant challenge due to the chemistry of clinker production. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 57% of CO2 emissions from clinker production come from the decomposition of raw materials, a process that is currently unavoidable.
Solutions for Reducing Emissions
- Waste Heat Recovery Systems:
Utilizing kiln waste heat for power generation can help factories meet 25–30% of their electricity needs. Currently, 40% of Vietnam’s cement plants with capacities of 2,500 tons of clinker per day or more have adopted this technology. - Alternative Fuels:
Substituting coal with waste-derived fuels can significantly lower CO2 emissions. Vietnam generates approximately 60,000 tons of municipal solid waste daily, equivalent to 6 million tons of coal annually in energy potential. Although this source remains underutilized, its potential for cement production is promising. - Reducing Clinker Content:
Lowering the clinker-to-cement ratio by incorporating supplementary cementitious materials is a viable solution. However, consumer acceptance remains a hurdle that needs to be addressed.
Global Comparisons and Opportunities
European cement producers benefit from carbon offset mechanisms like the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which incentivizes the use of waste as fuel. Their emissions are slightly lower than Vietnam’s, at around 850 kg CO2 per ton of clinker compared to Vietnam’s 905 kg CO2 per ton. This demonstrates that with the adoption of advanced technologies and improved resource utilization, Vietnam’s cement industry can close this gap.
Conclusion
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the cement industry is a formidable yet achievable goal. By optimizing energy consumption, adopting renewable and waste-derived fuels, and lowering clinker dependency, Vietnam’s cement sector can advance towards sustainability while maintaining production efficiency. The challenge is significant, but so is the opportunity to lead in green cement innovation.
Author: Elly Nguyen
Sales Manager of Supas Vietnam
+84 369 980 010